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38 cm SK L/45 "Max"
The 38 cm SK L/45 "Max",〔In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" ((ドイツ語:Schnelladekanone)) denotes that the gun is quick firing, while the L/45 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/45 gun is 45 calibers, meaning that the gun is 45 times as long as it is in diameter.〕 also called Langer Max (literal translation "Long Max") was a German railroad gun used during World War I. Originally a naval gun, it was adapted for land service when it became clear that the ships for which it was intended would be delayed and that it would be very useful as long-range, heavy siege and coast-defense gun on the Western Front. The first guns saw service in fixed positions, but the lengthy preparation time required for the concrete emplacements was a severe drawback and a railroad mount was designed to increase the gun's mobility. It participated in the 1918 Spring Offensives and the Second Battle of the Marne. One gun was captured in Koekelare (16 October 1918) by the Belgians at the end of the war and the seven surviving cannons were destroyed in 1921 and 1922.
==Design==
They were originally designed as the main armament of the s, but were deployed in fixed (''Anschiessgerüst'') and semi-portable (''Bettungsgerüst'') concrete emplacements that took weeks to months to build.〔François, pp. 15-19〕 One obvious change made for land service was the placement of a large folding counterweight just forward of the trunnions to counteract the preponderance of weight towards the breech. This, although heavy, was simpler than adding equilibrators to perform the same function. It folded to lower the gun's height while travelling.〔Miller, p. 516〕
To meet the demands for more mobility and a faster emplacement time, Krupp designed a combination railroad and firing platform mounting (''Eisenbahn und Bettungsgerüst - E. u. B.'') at the end of 1917 using guns released by the suspension of and . This mount allowed the gun to fire both from any suitable section of track and from a fixed emplacement. The ''E. u. B.'' mount used a combination of cradle and rolling recoil systems to absorb the recoil forces when firing from rails.〔Miller, pp. 514, 517〕 It could traverse a total of 2° for fine aiming adjustments, coarser adjustments had to be made by moving the entire carriage. The gun had to be loaded at zero elevation and so had to be re-aimed for every shot. One major problem when firing from rails was that the lengthy recoil movement of the gun prevented elevation past 18° 30' lest the breech hit the ground when firing, which limited range to .〔François, pp. 18-19〕 Nicknamed ''Max'', the gun's (supporting) barrel and railway-transportable carriage was used in the famed Paris Gun. Some guns were also emplaced in the ''Pommern'' and ''Deutschland'' coastal defense batteries on the Flanders coast protecting occupied Ostend.
The first fixed emplacements (''Betonbettung'') used concrete and required a month or more to build. The Germans began construction of some during the winter of 1917—18 in preparation for their planned Spring Offensive. From May 1918 they used a removable steel box (''Bettung mit Eisenunterbau'') in lieu of the concrete that shortened the construction time, although the exact amount is unknown.〔François, p. 19〕 Miller quotes three weeks as the time necessary to build the steel version from captured German manuals. The emplacement consisted of a central rotating platform, the main approach track and two auxiliary tracks on each side for the gantry crane necessary to assemble the emplacement, and an outer circular track to handle the ammunition. The central platform had railroad track on one axis and the actual firing mount on the other. All that was necessary to emplace the ''E. u. B.'' mount was to center it on the platform, jack it up, remove the trucks, and rotate the platform 90° and lower the mount to be bolted to the platform.〔Miller, p. 517〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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